![]() Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong).Nation: A group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland (e.g., the French, Koreans, Mexicans).City-state: A small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area.Microstate (ministate): A country that is small in both population and area.Sovereignty: The political authority of a state to govern itself.Synonymous with the term “country” (e.g., Iraq, South Africa, Canada). State: A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy.Periphery country: A less-developed, economically poor country.Core country: A country that is well- developed with a strong economic base.Geopolitics: The study of the interplay between international political relations and the territories in which they occur.Political geography: A branch of geography that studies geographical influences on political systems and power relationships.Supranational organizations, such as the European Union and the United Nations, have a strong influence on the world’s political climate.Race is different from ethnicity and is determined by perceived inheritable biological characteristics. ![]() Ethnicity is determined by race, skin color, language, religion, and other factors.The domino theory, a response to the spread of communism, suggests that when one country falls, others around it will experience the same political instability. The rimland theory developed by Nicholas Spykman suggests that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the heartland in check. The heartland theory established by Halford Mackinder suggests that whoever owns the heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world.Each of these has advantages and disadvantages. There are five shapes to countries: compact, elongated, fragmented, perforated, and prorupted.The major colonial powers in the western hemisphere were Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, and France. Colonialism has had a profound impact on the world today.Some arise from the demarcation of the boundary, while others arise from the allocation of resources along the border. Boundary disputes arise for various reasons.A nation-state is a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries. A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders.
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